JavaScript Hoisting

Previous Next

JavaScript Declarations Are Hoisted

In JavaScript, a variable can be declared after it has been used.

In other words; a variable can be used before it has been declared.

Example 1 gives the same result as Example 2:

Example 1

x = 5; // Assign 5 to x

elem = document.getElementById("demo"); // Find an element
elem.innerHTML = x; // Display x in the element

var x; // Declare x

Try it now

Example 2

var x; // Declare x
x = 5; // Assign 5 to x

elem = document.getElementById("demo"); // Find an element
elem.innerHTML = x; // Display x in the element

Try it now

To understand this, you have to understand the term "hoisting".

Hoisting is JavaScript's default behavior of moving all declarations to the top of the current scope (to the top of the current script or the current function).

Practice Excercise Practice now

The Let And Const Keywords

Variables defined with let and const are hoisted to the top of the block, but not initialized.

Meaning: The block of code is aware of the variable, but it cannot be used until it has been declared.

Using a let variable before it is declared will result in a ReferenceError.

The variable is in a "temporal dead zone" from the start of the block until it is declared:

Example

This will result in a ReferenceError:
carName = "Volvo";
let carName;

Try it now

Using a const variable before it is declared, is a syntax errror, so the code will simply not run.

Example

This code will not run.

carName = "Volvo";
const carName;

Try it now

Practice Excercise Practice now

JavaScript Initializations Are Not Hoisted

JavaScript only hoists declarations, not initializations.

Example 1 does not give the same result as Example 2:

Example 1

var x = 5; // Initialize x
var y = 7; // Initialize y

elem = document.getElementById("demo"); // Find an element
elem.innerHTML = x + " " + y; // Display x and y

Try it now

Example 2

var x = 5; // Initialize x

elem = document.getElementById("demo"); // Find an element
elem.innerHTML = x + " " + y; // Display x and y

var y = 7; // Initialize y

Try it now

Does it make sense that y is undefined in the last example?

This is because only the declaration (var y), not the initialization (=7) is hoisted to the top.

Because of hoisting, y has been declared before it is used, but because initializations are not hoisted, the value of y is undefined.

Example 2 is the same as writing:

Example

var x = 5; // Initialize x
var y;     // Declare y

elem = document.getElementById("demo"); // Find an element
elem.innerHTML = x + " " + y;           // Display x and y

y = 7;    // Assign 7 to y

Try it now

Declare Your Variables At the Top !

Hoisting is (to many developers) an unknown or overlooked behavior of JavaScript.

If a developer doesn't understand hoisting, programs may contain bugs (errors).

To avoid bugs, always declare all variables at the beginning of every scope.

Since this is how JavaScript interprets the code, it is always a good rule.

JavaScript in strict mode does not allow variables to be used if they are not declared.
Study "use strict" in the next chapter.

Practice Excercise Practice now

Previous Next

JavaScript Hoisting

JavaScript Declarations Are Hoisted

Example 1

Example 2

The Let And Const Keywords

Example

Example

JavaScript Initializations Are Not Hoisted

Example 1

Example 2

Example

Declare Your Variables At the Top !

COMPANY

Products

OTHERS

Partner