- JavaScript Introduction
- JavaScript Where To
- JavaScript Output
- JavaScript Statements
- JavaScript Syntax
- JavaScript Comments
- JavaScript Variables
- JavaScript Let
- JavaScript Const
- JavaScript Operators
- JavaScript Assignment
- JavaScript Data Types
- JavaScript Functions
- JavaScript Objects
- JavaScript Events
- JavaScript Strings
- JavaScript String Methods
- JavaScript Numbers
- JavaScript Number Methods
- JavaScript Arrays
- JavaScript Array Const
- JavaScript Array Methods
- JavaScript Sorting Arrays
- JavaScript Array Iteration
- JavaScript Date Objects
- JavaScript Date Formats
- JavaScript Get Date Methods
- JavaScript Set Date Methods
- JavaScript Math Object
- JavaScript Random
- JavaScript Booleans
- JavaScript Comparison And Logical Operators
- JavaScript If Else And Else If
- JavaScript Switch Statement
- JavaScript For Loop
- JavaScript Break And Continue
- JavaScript Type Conversion
- JavaScript Bitwise Operations
- JavaScript Regular Expressions
- JavaScript Errors
- JavaScript Scope
- JavaScript Hoisting
- JavaScript Use Strict
- The JavaScript This Keyword
- JavaScript Arrow Function
- JavaScript Classes
- JavaScript JSON
- JavaScript Debugging
- JavaScript Style Guide
- JavaScript Common Mistakes
- JavaScript Performance
- JavaScript Reserved Words
- JavaScript Versions
- JavaScript History
- JavaScript Forms
- JavaScript Validation API
- JavaScript Objects
- JavaScript Object Properties
- JavaScript Function Definitions
- JavaScript Function Parameters
- JavaScript Function Invocation
- JavaScript Closures
- JavaScript Classes
- Java Script Async
- JavaScript HTML DOM
- The Browser Object Model
- JS Ajax
- JavaScript JSON
- JavaScript Web APIs
- JS Vs JQuery
JavaScript Function Definitions
Function Declarations
Earlier in this tutorial, you learned that functions are declared with the following syntax:
// code to be executed
}
Declared functions are not executed immediately. They are "saved for later use", and will be executed later, when they are invoked (called upon).
Example
return a * b;
}
Semicolons are used to separate executable JavaScript statements.
Since a function declaration is not an executable statement, it is not common to end it with a semicolon.
Function Expressions
A JavaScript function can also be defined using an expression.
A function expression can be stored in a variable:
Example
After a function expression has been stored in a variable, the variable can be used as a function:
Example
let z = x(4, 3);
The function above is actually an anonymous function (a function without a name).
Functions stored in variables do not need function names. They are always invoked (called) using the variable name.
The function above ends with a semicolon because it is a part of an executable statement.
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The Function() Constructor
As you have seen in the previous examples, JavaScript functions are defined with the function keyword.
Functions can also be defined with a built-in JavaScript function constructor called Function().
Example
let x = myFunction(4, 3);
You actually don't have to use the function constructor. The example above is the same as writing:
Example
let x = myFunction(4, 3);
Most of the time, you can avoid using the new keyword in JavaScript.
Function Hoisting
Earlier in this tutorial, you learned about "hoisting" (JavaScript Hoisting).
Hoisting is JavaScript's default behavior of moving declarations to the top of the current scope.
Hoisting applies to variable declarations and to function declarations.
Because of this, JavaScript functions can be called before they are declared:
function myFunction(y) {
return y * y;
}
Functions defined using an expression are not hoisted.
Self-Invoking Functions
Function expressions can be made "self-invoking".
A self-invoking expression is invoked (started) automatically, without being called.
Function expressions will execute automatically if the expression is followed by ().
You cannot self-invoke a function declaration.
You have to add parentheses around the function to indicate that it is a function expression:
Example
let x = "Hello!!"; // I will invoke myself
})();
The function above is actually an anonymous self-invoking function (function without name).
Functions Can Be Used as Values
JavaScript functions can be used as values:
Example
return a * b;
}
let x = myFunction(4, 3);
JavaScript functions can be used in expressions:
Example
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Functions Are Objects
The typeof operator in JavaScript returns "function" for functions.
But, JavaScript functions can best be described as objects.
JavaScript functions have both properties and methods.
The arguments.length property returns the number of arguments received when the function was invoked:
Example
return arguments.length;
}
The toString() method returns the function as a string:
Example
return a * b;
}
var txt = myFunction.toString();
A function defined as the property of an object, is called a method to the object.
A function designed to create new objects, is called an object constructor.
Arrow Functions
Arrow functions allows a short syntax for writing function expressions.
You don't need the function keyword, the return keyword, and the curly brackets.
Example
var x = function(x, y) {
return x * y;
}
// ES6
const x = (x, y) => x * y;
Arrow functions do not have their own this. They are not well suited for defining object methods.
Arrow functions are not hoisted. They must be defined before they are used.
Using const is safer than using var, because a function expression is always constant value.
You can only omit the return keyword and the curly brackets if the function is a single statement. Because of this, it might be a good habit to always keep them:
Example
Arrow functions are not supported in IE11 or earlier.
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