- Introduction To SQL
- SQL Syntax
- SQL SELECT Statement
- SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement
- SQL WHERE Clause
- SQL AND, OR And NOT Operators
- SQL ORDER BY Keyword
- SQL INSERT INTO Statement
- SQL NULL Values
- SQL UPDATE Statement
- SQL DELETE Statement
- SQL TOP, LIMIT, FETCH FIRST Or ROWNUM Clause
- SQL MIN() And MAX() Functions
- SQL COUNT(), AVG() And SUM() Functions
- SQL LIKE Operator
- SQL Wildcards
- SQL IN Operator
- SQL BETWEEN Operator
- SQL Aliases
- SQL Joins
- SQL INNER JOIN Keyword
- SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword
- SQL RIGHT JOIN Keyword
- SQL FULL OUTER JOIN Keyword
- SQL Self Join
- SQL UNION Operator
- SQL GROUP BY Statement
- SQL HAVING Clause
- SQL EXISTS Operator
- SQL ANY And ALL Operators
- SQL SELECT INTO Statement
- SQL INSERT INTO SELECT Statement
- SQL CASE Statement
- SQL NULL Functions
- SQL Stored Procedures For SQL Server
- SQL Comments
- SQL Operators
- SQL CREATE DATABASE Statement
- SQL DROP DATABASE Statement
- SQL BACKUP DATABASE For SQL Server
- SQL CREATE TABLE Statement
- SQL DROP TABLE Statement
- SQL ALTER TABLE Statement
- SQL Constraints
- SQL NOT NULL Constraint
- SQL UNIQUE Constraint
- SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint
- SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint
- ALTER TABLE Orders DROP CONSTRAINT FK_PersonOrder;
- SQL DEFAULT Constraint
- SQL CREATE INDEX Statement
- SQL AUTO INCREMENT Field
- SQL Working With Dates
- SQL Views
- SQL Injection
- SQL Hosting
- SQL Data Types For MySQL, SQL Server, And MS Access
SQL Syntax
Database Tables
A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain records (rows) with data.
In this tutorial we will use the well-known Northwind sample database (included in MS Access and MS SQL Server).
Below is a selection from the "Customers" table:
| CustomerID | CustomerName | ContactName | Address | City | PostalCode | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Alfreds Futterkiste | Maria Anders | Obere Str. 57 | Berlin | 12209 | Germany |
| 2 | Ana Trujillo Emparedados y helados | Ana Trujillo | Avda. de la Constitución 2222 | México D.F. | 05021 | Mexico |
| 3 | Antonio Moreno Taquería | Antonio Moreno | Mataderos 2312 | México D.F. | 05023 | Mexico |
| 4 |
Around the Horn | Thomas Hardy | 120 Hanover Sq. | London | WA1 1DP | UK |
| 5 | Berglunds snabbköp | Christina Berglund | Berguvsvägen 8 | Luleå | S-958 22 | Sweden |
The table above contains five records (one for each customer) and seven columns (CustomerID, CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City, PostalCode, and Country).
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SQL Statements
Most of the actions you need to perform on a database are done with SQL statements.
The following SQL statement selects all the records in the "Customers" table:
Example
In this tutorial we will teach you all about the different SQL statements.
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Keep In Mind That...
- SQL keywords are NOT case sensitive:
selectis the same asSELECT
In this tutorial we will write all SQL keywords in upper-case.
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Semicolon After SQL Statements?
Some database systems require a semicolon at the end of each SQL statement.
Semicolon is the standard way to separate each SQL statement in database systems that allow more than one SQL statement to be executed in the same call to the server.
In this tutorial, we will use semicolon at the end of each SQL statement.
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Some Of The Most Important SQL Commands
SELECT- extracts data from a databaseUPDATE- updates data in a databaseDELETE- deletes data from a databaseINSERT INTO- inserts new data into a databaseCREATE DATABASE- creates a new databaseALTER DATABASE- modifies a databaseCREATE TABLE- creates a new tableALTER TABLE- modifies a tableDROP TABLE- deletes a tableCREATE INDEX- creates an index (search key)DROP INDEX- deletes an index
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