Stimulus-response techniques are commonly used to characterize the extent of non-ideal flow in vessels. Tracer input signal is used as stimulus. Any material can be used
For identical feed composition, flow rate, conversion and for zero-order reactions the ration of the volume of mixed reactor to the vomume of plug flow reactor is
For identical feed composition, flow rate, conversion and for all positive reaction orders the ratio of the volume of mixed reactor to the the volume of plug flow reactor