Bundles and packages are used to combine complex items into individual folders. Packages have the additional advantage of appearing as a single item in the Finder. This allows software developers to combine resources into a single item and prevents users from seeing and potentially damaging those resources through deletion or moving of files.
Standard is the default account type; administrative users can make changes to the system; a guest user doesnt require a password; sharing-only users can access only shared files; and the root user has unlimited access to any file or folder in the system.
File system journaling records what file operations are in progress at any given moment. This way, if a power failure or system crash occurs, after the system restarts, it will be able to quickly verify the integrity of the volume by replaying the journal.
If DHCP is specified as the configuration for a TCP/IP connection and no DHCP service is available, the device automatically selects a random IP address in the 169.254.xxx.xxx range. It checks the local network to ensure that no other network device is using the randomly generated IP address before it applies the IP address. In most cases, though, this addressing isn't normal, and it's often indicative of a problem with DHCP services.
Local account passwords can be reset by an administrator in Users & Groups, the master password at login, an Apple ID at login, a FileVault 2 recovery key at startup, and by the Reset Password application in OS X Recovery.
The OS X Recovery Disk Assistant can create a small OS X Recovery disk that lacks the OS X installation assets. An OS X Installation disk, which includes the full OS X installation assets, can be created by using the createinstallmedia command line tool found inside the Install OS X Mavericks application.
Disks are the actual storage hardware; partitions are logical divisions of a disk used to define the storage space; and volumes, contained inside partitions, are used to define how the individual files and folders are saved to the storage.