Implementing inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism in PHP classes Mocktest

The abstract keyword in PHP is used to specify a class as abstract, meaning it cannot be instantiated directly and must be extended by another class.

Inheritance in PHP promotes code reusability by allowing child classes to inherit properties and methods from parent classes, reducing redundancy and promoting a modular code structure.

The protected access modifier in PHP allows access to the member within the class itself and by inheriting classes.

Method overloading in PHP allows defining multiple methods with the same name but different numbers or types of parameters, providing flexibility in function calls.

ClassName::method()
The static keyword in PHP is used to access static properties and methods within the same class.

The interface keyword in PHP is used to define a contract for methods that implementing classes must follow, but it cannot contain any method implementations.

By default, in PHP, class members (properties and methods) are public if no visibility keyword is explicitly specified.

When applied to a method in PHP, the final keyword prevents the method from being overridden by child classes, ensuring that the method's implementation remains unchanged.

Method overriding in PHP allows a child class to provide its own implementation of a method defined in its parent class, enabling customization and specialization of behavior.

Polymorphism in PHP improves code maintainability by allowing objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass, facilitating code reuse and promoting a modular structure.